Global Warming Latest Oceans

The  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  published its fifth Assessment Report in 2013-2014, synthesizing the latest science behind global climate change.  Here are the highlights about our oceans. The oceans play a unique role in regulating our climate, and this is due to water’s high specific heat capacity. This means that a lot of heat is needed to raise the temperature of a certain amount of water. Conversely, this large amount of stored heat can slowly be released. In the context of oceans, this capacity to release vast amounts of heat moderates climates. Areas that should be colder because of their latitude remain warmer (for example, London or Vancouver), and areas that should be warmer remain cooler (for example, San Diego in summer). This high specific heat capacity, in conjunction with the ocean’s sheer mass, allows it to store more than 1000 times more energy than the atmosphere can for an equivalent increase in temperature. According to the IPCC: The upper ocean (from the surface down to 2100 ft) has been warming since 1971. At the surface, sea water temperatures have risen by 0.25 degrees Celsius as a global average. This warming trend was geographically uneven, with areas of greater warming rates in the North Atlantic, for example.This increase in ocean temperatures represents an enormous amount of energy. In the Earth’s energy budget, 93% of the observed increase is accounted for by warming ocean waters. The rest is manifested by warming in the continents and melting of ice.There have been significant changes in how salty the ocean is. The Atlantic has become saltier due to more evaporation, and the Pacific has become fresher because of increased rainfall.Surf’s up! There is enough evidence to state with medium confidence that waves have gotten larger in the North Atlantic, by as much as 20 cm (7.9 in) per decade since the 1950’s.Between 1901 and 2010, global mean sea level has risen by 19 cm (7.5 in). The rate of increase has accelerated in the past couple of decades. Many continental land masses have been experiencing some rebound (an upward vertical motion), but not enough to explain this sea level rise. Most of the observed rise is due to the warming, and therefore expansion, of water.Extreme high sea events produce coastal flooding and are usually the result of the coinciding effects of a large storm and high tide (for example, the 2012 landing of Hurricane Sandy on the New York and New Jersey coastline). During these rare events, water levels have been recorded higher than during extreme events in the past, and this increase is mostly due to the rising mean sea levels discussed above.Oceans have been absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, increasing the concentrations of carbon from man-made sources. As a result, the pH of the oceans’ surface waters has decreased, a process called acidification. This has important implication for marine life, as the increased acidity interferes with shell formation for marine animals such as coral, plankton, and shellfish.Since warmer water can hold less oxygen, the concentration of oxygen has decreased in many parts of the oceans. This has been most apparent along coastlines, where nutrient runoff into the ocean contributes also to lower oxygen levels. Since the previous report, vast amounts of new data were published and the IPCC was able to make many statements with more confidence:   it is at least very likely that the oceans have warmed, the sea levels have risen, contrasts in salinity have increased, and that the concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased and caused acidification. Much uncertainty remains about the effects of climate change on large circulation patterns and cycles, and still relatively little is known about changes in the deepest parts of the ocean. Find highlights from the report’s conclusions about: Observed global warming effects on the atmosphere and land surface.Observed global warming effects on the ice.Observed global warming and sea level rise. Source IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report. 2013. Observations: Oceans.

Essay Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective

Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective Laurie B. Conaway American InterContinental University Abstract Three different cognitivist approaches to the story Kermit and the Keyboard are presented in Driscoll’s Psychology of Learning for Instruction (2005). Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development are the three perspectives given on how Kermit learns to play the keyboard. These theories have similarities as well as divergent views on development. Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development explored the principles associated with†¦show more content†¦CIP explains the continuing development process, the actual stages of the learning process.(Driscoll, 2005) Piagetian Theory Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development proposes that a child’s capacity to understand certain concepts is based on the child’s developmental stage. He outlined 4 stages of development that spanned a child’s age from birth through 11 years old. The list below presents a summary of the characteristics typical at each stage: * Sensorimotor (birth to approximately age 2) – begins to mentally represent objects and events * Preoperational (2 to 7 years) – engages in symbolic play * Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) - performs mental operations * Formal Operational (11 years onward) - Solves abstract problems in systematic and logical fashion (Driscoll, 2005, p.195) Piaget’s perspective on Kermit assumes he has reached his formal operational stage of development and therefore does not provide much of an explanation of how Kermit learned to play the keyboard. However if applied to a child learning to play the keyboard, like the CIP theory Piaget’s theory does address the learning of a symbol system which he termed social knowledge. This can be used to explain Kermit’s recognition of the musical notes andShow MoreRelatedIdentifying the Components of Cognitivist Theories Used in, Kermit and the Keyboard.1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, Kermit and The Keyboard. Abstract Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention of these structures and processes between instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the concepts of knowing, thinking and formulating feedback. In reviewing the sample texture, Kermit and the Keyboard, has allowed for

Ethics Of Torture Who Are We Really Hurting - 990 Words

Torture is a heinous crime to anyone who is put under the duress of those who either get enjoyment or use it as a device for information gathering. In recent years it has been more in use as a focal point with the recent killings of aid and social workers in the Middle East and travelers that enter North Korea to state a message or obtain information. If the rules of the Geneva Convention do not apply, then what rules do apply? Ethics of torture: who are we really hurting? Conflict between consequential and rights based morals theories that are not new. In 530AD was the first recording of torture was originated, when the Roman jurists torture those who did not conform to their ideology or religion. A Roman catholic by the name of Demosthenes believed â€Å"no statements made as a result of torture have been proved untrue† (thejusticecampaign.org/2010). It did have its critics, Aristotle was able to recognized the true nature of torture that, â€Å" those under compulsion are as likely to give false evidence as true, some being ready to endure to endure everything rather than tell the truth, while others are really ready to make false charges against other, in the hope of sooner released from torture†. (thejusticecampaign.org/2010). Almost every dictionary that has been published in the last 3 decades has at least three different definitions of torture. Either it is a narrow point blank answer or the broad one, however it all means the same, cruel and unusualShow MoreRelatedWhy Torture is Morally Wrong2149 Words   |  9 PagesConsider the following situation: You are an army officer who has just captured an enemy soldier who knows where a secret time bomb has been planted. Unless defused, the bomb will explode, killing thousands of people. Would it be morally permissible to torture them to get him to reveal the bomb’s location? 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This has increasingly become more and more controversial of an activity and thus we need to start to look at theRead MoreThe Adopted Codes of Conduct for Psychological Research Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pages There is a belief among psychologists that by carrying out an experiment we should be lead to understand ourselves better and to the enhancement of the human condition and promotion of human welfare. This can only be completed if the experiment is ethically right to all parties involved. Ethics in an experimental situation deals with the idea of morality, what would be considered morally right behaviour in sight of aRead MoreThis Paper Will Be Discussing A Character From A Tv Series1511 Words   |  7 PagesMorgan, who adopted the boy and raised him as his own. As Dexter grew older, Harry noticed that Dexter liked to kill animals. Harry realized that watching his mother die had traumatized the boy and spawned a bloodlust in him, and that he would eventually start hurting actual human beings. But he loved his son and didn’t want him to lose him, so he taught Dexter to channel his â€Å"desire to kill† by telling him that he must only kill those who deserve it†¦ or rather, the criminally guilty who escape theRead MoreThe Importance of Ethics in the Workplace2188 Words   |  9 PagesImportance of Ethics in the Workplace From birth, most of us are taught what is right and wrong. Ethics is a trait that most human beings acquire, but with differences in values and perspectives, it may be hard to achieve. The problem lies in how ethics are taught to people. It is our duty as Americans and people on this Earth to train ourselves to become ethical in every thing we do. We should be practicing good ethics everywhere, at work, home, and school. Having good ethics should be partRead MoreAnimal Experimentation : Imagine An Innocent, Adorable Rabbit2048 Words   |  9 Pagesintended for use, for research, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet.† (â€Å"Animal Welfare†) The act does not cover birds, mice bred for research, rats, or any cold-blooded animals. Do we really need a definition for what an animal is? Can’t we just refrain people from hurting other living creatures? Ninety-five percent of animals used in research are not protected by the AWA. (â⠂¬Å"Pro-Con†) Laboratories have no minimum standards for the conditions of the unprotected animals. WithoutRead MoreCriticisms Against Ethical Theories8474 Words   |  34 Pagesmost people would say were clearly morally wrong, such as torture, killing children, genocide, etc. 2. Criticisms leveled against Deontology The word deontology comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. According to this theory, it is your duty to do actions which are right and not do those which are wrong. Actions are thought to be right or wrong in themselves. For example, killing people and lying are wrong, sharing with others who are in need is right. Immanuel Kant was a famous deontologistRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagessome organization to it. What was faced in the last days... by last days I mean the last days of civilization not life; itself. What was faced was hell. Everyone went ape shit insane. Everyone was killing and raping each other into oblivion, because we were under attack by creatures that was so beyond our understanding! Geez, there were many names given to these undead. Some called them demons, others called them lost souls. With all these names, I found only one that was truly worthy; ZombiesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthe water from the stream. When it cools, you could drink it and make breakfast and continue with your good times. Then Juanita mentions seeing a sign back in the parking lot: Warning, Giardia has been found in many streams in the area. Sorry, but we are out of sterilization tablets. Giardia is a microorganism that makes you sick, she says. You and Emilio have never heard of it. Emilio says hes willing to bet that boiling the water will kill the critters. Besides, he says, our stream

Why get your RN to BSN free essay sample

In the 21st century, the health challenges facing the nation have shifted dramatically. The American population is older—Americans 65 and older will be nearly 20 percent of the population by 2030—as well as more diverse with respect not only to race and ethnicity but also other cultural and socioeconomic factors. In addition to shifts in the nation’s demographics, there also have been shifts in that nation’s health care needs. Most health care today relates to chronic conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and mental health conditions, due in part to the nation’s aging population and compounded by increasing obesity levels. While chronic conditions account for most of the care needed today, the U. S. health care system was primarily built around treating acute illnesses and injuries, the predominant health challenges of the early 20th century. The ways in which nurses were educated during the 20th century are no longer adequate for dealing with the realities of health care in the 21st century. We will write a custom essay sample on Why get your RN to BSN or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As patient needs and care environments have become more complex, nurses need to attain requisite competencies to deliver high-quality care. These competencies include leadership, health policy, system improvement, research and evidence-based practice, and teamwork and collaboration, as well as competency in specific content areas such as community and public health and geriatrics. Nurses also are being called upon to fill expanding roles and to master technological tools and information management systems while collaborating and coordinating care across teams of health professionals. To respond to these increasing demands, the IOM committee calls for nurses to achieve higher levels of education and suggests that they be educated in new ways that better prepare them to meet the needs of the population. An Improved Education System Much of nursing education revolves around acute care rather than community settings that include aspects of primary care, public health, and long-term care. The qualifications and level of education required for entry into the nursing profession have been widely debated by nurses and nursing organizations. . Although a BSN education is not a panacea for all that is expected of nurses in the future, it does, relative to other educational pathways, introduce students to a wider range of competencies in such arenas as health policy and health care financing, community and public health, leadership, quality improvement, and systems thinking. Care within the hospital continues to grow more complex, with nurses having to make critical decisions associated with care for sicker, frailer patients and having to use more sophisticated, life-saving technology coupled with information management systems that require skills in analysis and synthesis. Care outside the hospital is becoming more complex as well. Nurses are being called on to coordinate care among a variety of clinicians and community agencies; to help patients manage chronic illnesses, thereby preventing acute care episodes and disease progression; and to use a variety of technological tools to improve the quality and effectiveness of care. A more educated nursing workforce would be better equipped to meet the demands of an evolving health care system, and this need could be met by increasing the percentage of nurses with a BSN. An increase in the proportion of nurses with a BSN also would create a workforce poised to achieve higher levels of education at the master’s and doctoral levels, required for nurses to serve as primary care providers, nurse researchers, and nurse faculty— positions currently in great demand across the profession and within the health care system. The committee recommends that the proportion of nurses with baccalaureate degrees be increased to 80 percent by 2020. While it anticipates that it will take a few years to build the educational capacity needed to achieve this goal, the committee maintains that it is bold, achievable, and necessary to move the nursing workforce to an expanded set of competencies, especially in the domains of community and public health, leadership, systems improvement and change, research, and health policy. Improving the education system and achieving a more educated workforce—specifically increasing the number of nurses with baccalaureate degrees—can be accomplished through a number of different programs and educational models, including: traditional RN-to-BSN programs; traditional 4-year BSN programs at both universities and some community colleges.